Understanding Reaction Rate
Reaction Rate: Understanding, Factors That Influence, And Formulas With Examples of Complete Problems
The concept of learning chemistry is a concept that is closely related to daily life. Chemistry describes life in such a way that it looks more detailed and diverse. This is what makes teachers apply the concept of chemistry to everyday life by presenting it in simple examples. In addition, an introduction to the concepts that are often used in the wider world, even simple habits that we often do without knowing it is a chemical concept.
One example is the concept of reaction rates in chemistry. In chemistry it is explained that the rate of reaction is the magnitude of change in the number of reactants and reaction results per unit of time. This change can be said to be a change in molar concentration (molarity) so that the rate of reaction can be said to be a change in the final concentration (reaction product) to the initial concentration (reagent) per unit time.
There are so many concepts of reaction rates that we find in everyday life. Therefore, this paper will explain in detail the benefits of reaction rates in everyday life.
Reaction Rate Formula Example Questions
Understanding Reaction Rate
The reaction rate is the rate of decrease in reactants (reagents) or the rate of increase in products (reaction products). This reaction rate also describes the speed of a chemical reaction, while the chemical reaction is the process of changing a substance (reagent) into a new substance called a product.
Some chemical reactions exist that take place quickly. Sodium added to the water will show a severe and very fast reaction, as will firecrackers and fireworks. Gasoline will burn faster than kerosene. However, there are also reactions that run slowly. The iron rusting process, for example, takes a very long time so the reaction rate is slow.
The slow and slow process of a chemical reaction that takes place is expressed by the rate of the reaction. In studying the reaction rate the concentration of each unit of time is expressed as molarity. What does molarity mean? Check out the following description.
Molarity as a Concentration Unit in the Reaction Rate
Molarity states the number of moles of substance in 1 L of solution, so that the molarity is denoted by M, and is formulated as follows.
M = n / V
Information :
n = number of moles in units of moles or mmol
V = volume in L or Ml units
Benefits of Reaction Rate
in everyday life
By studying the rate of reaction we can know that the reaction can take place influenced by several factors, for example surface area. If we know that the surface area affects the rate of reaction, surely we will reduce the surface area of a substance before processing it.
Some examples of the application of the Reaction Rate in daily life:
The mother at home or the merchant porridge slices the brown sugar first, which will be added to the bean porridge.
Rural residents split logs into several sections before being put into a furnace.
Gado-gado, lontong, and pecel sellers grind fried peanuts before mixing with other ingredients.
In making paper, the raw material for making paper is crushed first to make pulp. In order to expand the surface of the touch area so that the mixture becomes homogeneous and the reaction is perfect.
Raw materials which are often mined, are available in the form of coarse grains. To speed up further processing, the granules are crushed until smooth.
In making bread we can add yeast which serves as a catalyst to speed up the reaction rate.
Reaction Rate Factor
Factors that influence it include:
1. Concentration of reactants
The higher the reactant concentration, the more the number of reactant particles that collide, so the higher the frequency of collisions and the rate of increase. For example, in the iron corrosion reaction in air, the rate of iron corrosion reaction is higher in air with higher humidity (high H2O reactant concentration)
2. Temperature
Temperature also plays a role in influencing the reaction rate. If the temperature of a reaction that is continuously raised, it causes the particles to move more actively, so that collisions occur more frequently, causing the reaction rate to increase. Conversely, if the temperature is lowered, the particles will become less active, so the reaction rate will be smaller.
3. Pressure
Many reactions involve reagents in the form of gases. The speed of such reagents is also influenced by pressure. Adding pressure by decreasing the volume will increase the concentration, thereby increasing the rate of reaction.
4. The existence of a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which accelerates the rate of chemical reactions at a certain temperature, without undergoing changes or being used by the reaction itself. A catalyst plays a role in a reaction but not as a reactant or product. The catalyst allows the reaction to take place more quickly or allows the reaction to be at a lower temperature due to the changes it triggers on the reactant. The catalyst provides a preferred pathway with lower activation energy. Catalyst reduced energy needed for reaction.
5. Touch Surface Area
Touch surface area has a very important role in the rate of reaction, because the greater the surface area of the touch area between particles, the collisions that occur more and more, thus causing the reaction rate to be faster.
Likewise, the smaller the surface area of the touch area, the smaller the collisions that occur between particles, so the reaction rate gets smaller. Characteristics of the pieces that are reacted also influence, namely the finer the pieces, the faster the time needed to react; while the coarser the pieces, the longer it takes to react.
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Reaction Rate Equations
Reaction Rate Equations
In general, the reaction rate can be expressed by the formula:
Reaction Rate Equation Formula
Information :
v = reaction rate
k = reaction rate constant (the value depends on the type of reactant, temperature and catalyst)
x = order or reaction rate to reactant A
y = order or reaction rate to reactant B
x + y = order or total / overall reaction rate
Price k will change if the temperature changes. An increase in temperature and use of a catalyst will generally increase the price of k.
Reaction Order
"The reaction order states the magnitude of the effect of the reactant concentration on the reaction rate. "
Zero order reaction.
The reaction is said to be zero for one of the reactants, if the change in the concentration of the reactants does not affect the rate of the reaction. That is, as long as there are a certain amount; the change in reactant concentration does not affect the rate of the reaction.
The magnitude of the reaction rate is only influenced by the magnitude of the reaction rate constant (k).
Zero order reaction
Order of reaction one.
A reaction is said to be one for one of the reactants, if the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.
If the concentration of the reactants is tripled the reaction rate will be 31 or 3 times greater.
Order of reaction one
Reaction Order two.
A reaction is said to be 'double' to one of the reactants, if the reaction rate is the power of the reactants' concentration.
If the concentration of the reactants is tripled, the reaction rate will be 32 or 9 times greater.
Reaction Order two
Collision Theory
A substance can react with other substances if the particles collide with each other. The collision that occurs will produce energy to start the reaction.
The occurrence of collisions is caused by particles of matter always moving in an irregular direction.
Collisions between reacting particles do not always produce reactions. Only collisions that produce enough energy and the right direction of the collision can produce a reaction. Collisions like this are called effective collisions.
So, the reaction rate depends on 3 things:
Collision frequency
Reactant particle energy
Direction of collision
The minimum energy that must be possessed by reactant particles, so as to produce an effective collision is called activation energy or activation energy (Ea).
All reactions, both exothermic and endothermic, require Ea. A reaction that can take place at low temperatures means it has a low Ea. Conversely, a reaction that can take place at high temperatures, means it has a high Ea.
Ea is interpreted as the energy barrier between reactants and products. The reactant must be pushed so that it can pass through the barrier energy so that it can turn into a product.
Figure Collision Theory
Examples of Reaction Rate Questions
In the SO3 gas formation reaction according to the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g), so the following data are obtained.
Determine:
a. The rate of increasing SO3
b. The rate of SO2 reduction
c. O2 reduction rate
Settlement:
Known :
Reaction equation: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
Concentration data (in table).
Asked:
a. r SO3.
b. r SO2.
c. r O2.
Answer:
a. Δ [SO3] = [SO3] 3 - [SO3] 2 = 0.50 - 0.25 = 0.25 M
Δt = t3 - t2 = 40 - 20 = 20 s
So, the rate of SO3 increase is 1.25 x 10-2 M / s.
b. Because the SO2 coefficient = the SO3 coefficient, then:
r SO2 = - r SO3 = - 0.0125 M / s
So, the rate of SO2 reduction is -1.25 x 10-2 M / s
c. r O2 = - ½ x r SO3 = - ½ x 0.0125 = - 0.00625 M / s
Thus, the rate of O2 reduction is - 6.25 x 10-3 M / s
In general, the reaction rate can be expressed by the formula:
Reaction Rate Equation Formula
Information :
v = reaction rate
k = reaction rate constant (the value depends on the type of reactant, temperature and catalyst)
x = order or reaction rate to reactant A
y = order or reaction rate to reactant B
x + y = order or total / overall reaction rate
Price k will change if the temperature changes. An increase in temperature and use of a catalyst will generally increase the price of k.
Reaction Order
"The reaction order states the magnitude of the effect of the reactant concentration on the reaction rate. "
Zero order reaction.
The reaction is said to be zero for one of the reactants, if the change in the concentration of the reactants does not affect the rate of the reaction. That is, as long as there are a certain amount; the change in reactant concentration does not affect the rate of the reaction.
The magnitude of the reaction rate is only influenced by the magnitude of the reaction rate constant (k).
Zero order reaction
Order of reaction one.
A reaction is said to be one for one of the reactants, if the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant.
If the concentration of the reactants is tripled the reaction rate will be 31 or 3 times greater.
Order of reaction one
Reaction Order two.
A reaction is said to be 'double' to one of the reactants, if the reaction rate is the power of the reactants' concentration.
If the concentration of the reactants is tripled, the reaction rate will be 32 or 9 times greater.
Reaction Order two
Collision Theory
A substance can react with other substances if the particles collide with each other. The collision that occurs will produce energy to start the reaction.
The occurrence of collisions is caused by particles of matter always moving in an irregular direction.
Collisions between reacting particles do not always produce reactions. Only collisions that produce enough energy and the right direction of the collision can produce a reaction. Collisions like this are called effective collisions.
So, the reaction rate depends on 3 things:
Collision frequency
Reactant particle energy
Direction of collision
The minimum energy that must be possessed by reactant particles, so as to produce an effective collision is called activation energy or activation energy (Ea).
All reactions, both exothermic and endothermic, require Ea. A reaction that can take place at low temperatures means it has a low Ea. Conversely, a reaction that can take place at high temperatures, means it has a high Ea.
Ea is interpreted as the energy barrier between reactants and products. The reactant must be pushed so that it can pass through the barrier energy so that it can turn into a product.
Figure Collision Theory
Examples of Reaction Rate Questions
In the SO3 gas formation reaction according to the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g), so the following data are obtained.
Determine:
a. The rate of increasing SO3
b. The rate of SO2 reduction
c. O2 reduction rate
Settlement:
Known :
Reaction equation: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
Concentration data (in table).
Asked:
a. r SO3.
b. r SO2.
c. r O2.
Answer:
a. Δ [SO3] = [SO3] 3 - [SO3] 2 = 0.50 - 0.25 = 0.25 M
Δt = t3 - t2 = 40 - 20 = 20 s
So, the rate of SO3 increase is 1.25 x 10-2 M / s.
b. Because the SO2 coefficient = the SO3 coefficient, then:
r SO2 = - r SO3 = - 0.0125 M / s
So, the rate of SO2 reduction is -1.25 x 10-2 M / s
c. r O2 = - ½ x r SO3 = - ½ x 0.0125 = - 0.00625 M / s
Thus, the rate of O2 reduction is - 6.25 x 10-3 M / s
Reaction Rate Formula
Reaction Rate Formula
The rate of chemical reactions is not just a theory, but can be formulated mathematically to facilitate learning. In chemical reactions: A → B, the rate at which substance A becomes the substance B is determined by the amount of substance A reacting or the amount of substance B formed per unit time. When the reagent (A) decreases, the reaction product (B) will increase. Consider the diagram of changes in the concentration of reactants and reaction results in Figure 3.
Diagram of changes in reactant concentration and reaction results.
Based on the picture, we can define the formula rate as:
a. reduced number of reactants (reactant concentration) per unit time, or, with r = reaction rate, - d [R] = reduced reactants (reactants), and dt = change in time. For reactions: A → B, the rate at which substance A decreases is:
b. increasing number of products (product concentration) per unit time, or, with + Δ [P] = increasing product concentration (reaction product). For reactions: A → B, the rate at which substance B increases is:
How for more complex reactions, such as: pA + qB → rC.
For this reaction, then:
In this comparison, the + or - sign does not need to be written because it only shows the nature of the change in concentration. Because the prices of each dt are the same, the ratio of reaction rates is in accordance with the ratio of concentrations. On the other hand, the concentration is directly proportional to the mole and also directly proportional to the reaction coefficient, so that the ratio of the reaction rate matches the ratio of the reaction coefficient. The comparison can be written as follows.
DISCUSSION
In practice this time an experiment has been carried out on the rate of reaction. There are four factors that affect the reaction rate including concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalyst.
In the first experiment, it was observed that the effect of concentration on the reaction rate was carried out by reacting the magnesium band (Mg) with HCl whose concentration was different. in tube 1 there is 0.5M HCl, in tube 2 there is 1M HCl, in tube 3 there is 2M HCl, and in tube 4 there is 3M HCl. in tube 1 the reaction rate runs very slowly at 234s, in the second tube the reaction rate goes rather quickly which is 104s, in tube 3 the reaction rate goes fast which is 28s, and in tube 4 the reaction rate goes fast which is 11s.
It has been proven that the higher the concentration of HCL, the faster the reaction rate goes. this proves that concentration affects the rate of reaction. if the concentration of a substance is greater then the reaction rate is faster and vice versa the smaller the concentration of a substance the reaction rate will run slowly. a solution with high concentrations will be more concentrated and contain denser particles so that they will collide more frequently. Based on experiments that have been carried out, it can be seen that our observations are in accordance with the theory of the reaction rate ie the greater the concentration of a solution of eating the faster the reaction rate occurs.
In the second experiment, the effect of temperature on the reaction rate was carried out. Mixing HCl with Na2S2O3 which is different at room temperature 29oC and temperature after heating that is at temperature (40, 50, 60) oC. when Na2S2O3 at 29 oC, it takes a long time until the color of the solution is milky white, that is 170s. when the temperature is raised to 40 oC the time needed is shorter, 122s. then the temperature is raised again to 50 oC the time required is even shorter, that is 107s. and finally we raise the temperature to 60 oC the time required is very short which is 52s.
this happens because the temperature plays a role in influencing the rate of reaction when the temperature which takes place in a reaction that takes place is increased, it causes the particles to move more actively, so that collisions that occur more frequently, it causes the reaction rate faster. conversely when the temperature is lowered, the particles are less active, so the reaction rate is slower. this is in accordance with the theory of reaction rates, namely the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate.
In the third experiment, an experiment affected the surface area on the reaction rate. based on experiments, 1 gram of crushed marble which was reacted with 5ml of HCl 2M reacted faster than a lump of marble of 1 gram reacted with 5ml of HCl 2M. in theory, the solid powder usually produces a faster reaction than a lump of solid mass of the same mass, because the powder solid has a larger surface area.
a substance will react only if the substance is mixed and collisions occur. the collision occurs between collisions of the surface area of the touch fields of each molecule. the smaller the particle size of a substance the more surface area of a substance. so, the smaller the particle size of the substance, the reaction will take place quickly. this is in accordance with the concept of the rate of reaction ie the greater the surface area, the faster the reaction rate.
In the last experiment the observation of the catalyst in the reaction rate. kalis is a substance that accelerates the reaction rate at a certain temperature, without undergoing changes in the reaction itself. a catalyst plays a role in the reaction but not as a reactant or product. in our experiment we used two different catalysts, namely nac and FeCl3. used three test tubes, the first tube containing 5ml H2O2 used as a control that is not treated anything. in the second tube which is 5ml H2O2 and 4 drops of nacl are added then a large amount of bubbles is formed and does not change color.
in the third tube containing 5ml H2O2 which then added 4 drops of FeCl3 the reaction occurs slowly, initially two layers are formed which are dark brown and clear and then smoke comes out and evaporates, the solution boils and the surface of the test tube feels hot, the color of the solution begins to mix and formed one color that is light brown. From the observations, it can be seen that the catalyst which is suitable with H2O2 is FeCl3. this can occur because of the nature of the catalyst like an enzyme, which only works on certain compounds. our observations are in accordance with the concept of the reaction rate, ie the catalyst can affect the reaction rate.
The rate of chemical reactions is not just a theory, but can be formulated mathematically to facilitate learning. In chemical reactions: A → B, the rate at which substance A becomes the substance B is determined by the amount of substance A reacting or the amount of substance B formed per unit time. When the reagent (A) decreases, the reaction product (B) will increase. Consider the diagram of changes in the concentration of reactants and reaction results in Figure 3.
Diagram of changes in reactant concentration and reaction results.
Based on the picture, we can define the formula rate as:
a. reduced number of reactants (reactant concentration) per unit time, or, with r = reaction rate, - d [R] = reduced reactants (reactants), and dt = change in time. For reactions: A → B, the rate at which substance A decreases is:
b. increasing number of products (product concentration) per unit time, or, with + Δ [P] = increasing product concentration (reaction product). For reactions: A → B, the rate at which substance B increases is:
How for more complex reactions, such as: pA + qB → rC.
For this reaction, then:
In this comparison, the + or - sign does not need to be written because it only shows the nature of the change in concentration. Because the prices of each dt are the same, the ratio of reaction rates is in accordance with the ratio of concentrations. On the other hand, the concentration is directly proportional to the mole and also directly proportional to the reaction coefficient, so that the ratio of the reaction rate matches the ratio of the reaction coefficient. The comparison can be written as follows.
DISCUSSION
In practice this time an experiment has been carried out on the rate of reaction. There are four factors that affect the reaction rate including concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalyst.
In the first experiment, it was observed that the effect of concentration on the reaction rate was carried out by reacting the magnesium band (Mg) with HCl whose concentration was different. in tube 1 there is 0.5M HCl, in tube 2 there is 1M HCl, in tube 3 there is 2M HCl, and in tube 4 there is 3M HCl. in tube 1 the reaction rate runs very slowly at 234s, in the second tube the reaction rate goes rather quickly which is 104s, in tube 3 the reaction rate goes fast which is 28s, and in tube 4 the reaction rate goes fast which is 11s.
It has been proven that the higher the concentration of HCL, the faster the reaction rate goes. this proves that concentration affects the rate of reaction. if the concentration of a substance is greater then the reaction rate is faster and vice versa the smaller the concentration of a substance the reaction rate will run slowly. a solution with high concentrations will be more concentrated and contain denser particles so that they will collide more frequently. Based on experiments that have been carried out, it can be seen that our observations are in accordance with the theory of the reaction rate ie the greater the concentration of a solution of eating the faster the reaction rate occurs.
In the second experiment, the effect of temperature on the reaction rate was carried out. Mixing HCl with Na2S2O3 which is different at room temperature 29oC and temperature after heating that is at temperature (40, 50, 60) oC. when Na2S2O3 at 29 oC, it takes a long time until the color of the solution is milky white, that is 170s. when the temperature is raised to 40 oC the time needed is shorter, 122s. then the temperature is raised again to 50 oC the time required is even shorter, that is 107s. and finally we raise the temperature to 60 oC the time required is very short which is 52s.
this happens because the temperature plays a role in influencing the rate of reaction when the temperature which takes place in a reaction that takes place is increased, it causes the particles to move more actively, so that collisions that occur more frequently, it causes the reaction rate faster. conversely when the temperature is lowered, the particles are less active, so the reaction rate is slower. this is in accordance with the theory of reaction rates, namely the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction rate.
In the third experiment, an experiment affected the surface area on the reaction rate. based on experiments, 1 gram of crushed marble which was reacted with 5ml of HCl 2M reacted faster than a lump of marble of 1 gram reacted with 5ml of HCl 2M. in theory, the solid powder usually produces a faster reaction than a lump of solid mass of the same mass, because the powder solid has a larger surface area.
a substance will react only if the substance is mixed and collisions occur. the collision occurs between collisions of the surface area of the touch fields of each molecule. the smaller the particle size of a substance the more surface area of a substance. so, the smaller the particle size of the substance, the reaction will take place quickly. this is in accordance with the concept of the rate of reaction ie the greater the surface area, the faster the reaction rate.
In the last experiment the observation of the catalyst in the reaction rate. kalis is a substance that accelerates the reaction rate at a certain temperature, without undergoing changes in the reaction itself. a catalyst plays a role in the reaction but not as a reactant or product. in our experiment we used two different catalysts, namely nac and FeCl3. used three test tubes, the first tube containing 5ml H2O2 used as a control that is not treated anything. in the second tube which is 5ml H2O2 and 4 drops of nacl are added then a large amount of bubbles is formed and does not change color.
in the third tube containing 5ml H2O2 which then added 4 drops of FeCl3 the reaction occurs slowly, initially two layers are formed which are dark brown and clear and then smoke comes out and evaporates, the solution boils and the surface of the test tube feels hot, the color of the solution begins to mix and formed one color that is light brown. From the observations, it can be seen that the catalyst which is suitable with H2O2 is FeCl3. this can occur because of the nature of the catalyst like an enzyme, which only works on certain compounds. our observations are in accordance with the concept of the reaction rate, ie the catalyst can affect the reaction rate.
Characteristics and Characteristics of Sound Waves
Characteristics and Characteristics of Sound Waves
Sound Wave Papers: Characteristics, Properties, Sources, Examples, Theory, Frequency and Speed of Sound Wave Flow
The Meaning of Sound
Sound is one of the types of waves that the auditory (ear) senses. In physics lessons, the meaning of sound is something that is created from vibrating objects. The thing that produces sound is called a sound source. A vibrating sound source vibrates the molecules into the air around it.
Thus, the condition of the sound is that there is a vibrating object. Sound propagation requires a medium. We can hear a sound if there is a medium that can slow down the sound.
Sound waves
There are several conditions that must be met for a sound to be heard.
Terms and conditions of sound are:
There is a vibrating object (sound source)
There is a medium that slows down the sound, as well
There are receivers that are within the reach of the sound source
Sound has a very limited speed. Sound also takes time to move from one place to another. Quickly the noise of a sound is not too great. The speed of the noise is much smaller than the speed of light. Even now, humans have been able to create planes that can fly several times rather than at the speed of sound.
Sound Speed Rapid Formula
v = s / t
v = speed of sound
(m / s), s = source distance to observer (m), t = time interval (s).
Sound Properties
Sound has certain properties or characteristics. The characteristics of these sound waves are as follows:
It's a longitudinal wave
Could not slow down in the free space
Its velocity is influenced by the density of the medium (medium) of its propagation (solid, liquid, gas). Fastest to medium density.
Can experience resonance and reflection.
Sound can also have resonance.
Sound wave properties
Sound as a wave has properties similar to those of a wave:
Can be reflected (reflection)
Sound can be reflected if the sound hits the surface of hard objects, such as the surface of stone walls, cement, iron, glass and zinc.
Example:
Our voice is heard louder in the cave due to the reflection of sound that hits the cave wall.
Our voices in buildings or music studios that do not use sound absorbers.
Refractible (refraction)
Refraction is a deflection of the wave boundary direction after crossing the boundary plane between two different media.
Example:
At night the sound of lightning sounds louder than the daytime due to the refraction of sound waves.
Can be integrated (interference)
Like light interference, sound interference also requires two coherent sound sources.
Example: Two loudspeakers connected to a signal generator (audio frequency generator) can function as two coherent sound sources.
Can be flexed (diffraction)
Diffraction is the event of flexing sound waves when passing through a narrow gap.
Example: We can hear the sound of people in different and closed rooms, because the sound passes through narrow gaps that sound can pass through.
Bat
The nature of sound reflection is very important for some animals, like bats. Bats can emit sound waves so that by utilizing sound reflection events, bats can avoid barrier walls when flying at night. In addition, the bat can know the prey it will eat.
Detect metal damage
Besides being used to determine the depth of the sea and cave, ultrasonic waves can also be used to detect damage to metals that are in the ground, such as water pipes and others.
When the sound wave pulses hit a damaged metal, the pulses are partly reflected and partly passed on. The reflected pulses occur because of a barrier that has a different density. The pulse reflections are received by the detector, so that damage to the metal can be known.
Sound Wave Papers: Characteristics, Properties, Sources, Examples, Theory, Frequency and Speed of Sound Wave Flow
The Meaning of Sound
Sound is one of the types of waves that the auditory (ear) senses. In physics lessons, the meaning of sound is something that is created from vibrating objects. The thing that produces sound is called a sound source. A vibrating sound source vibrates the molecules into the air around it.
Thus, the condition of the sound is that there is a vibrating object. Sound propagation requires a medium. We can hear a sound if there is a medium that can slow down the sound.
Sound waves
There are several conditions that must be met for a sound to be heard.
Terms and conditions of sound are:
There is a vibrating object (sound source)
There is a medium that slows down the sound, as well
There are receivers that are within the reach of the sound source
Sound has a very limited speed. Sound also takes time to move from one place to another. Quickly the noise of a sound is not too great. The speed of the noise is much smaller than the speed of light. Even now, humans have been able to create planes that can fly several times rather than at the speed of sound.
Sound Speed Rapid Formula
v = s / t
v = speed of sound
(m / s), s = source distance to observer (m), t = time interval (s).
Sound Properties
Sound has certain properties or characteristics. The characteristics of these sound waves are as follows:
It's a longitudinal wave
Could not slow down in the free space
Its velocity is influenced by the density of the medium (medium) of its propagation (solid, liquid, gas). Fastest to medium density.
Can experience resonance and reflection.
Sound can also have resonance.
Sound wave properties
Sound as a wave has properties similar to those of a wave:
Can be reflected (reflection)
Sound can be reflected if the sound hits the surface of hard objects, such as the surface of stone walls, cement, iron, glass and zinc.
Example:
Our voice is heard louder in the cave due to the reflection of sound that hits the cave wall.
Our voices in buildings or music studios that do not use sound absorbers.
Refractible (refraction)
Refraction is a deflection of the wave boundary direction after crossing the boundary plane between two different media.
Example:
At night the sound of lightning sounds louder than the daytime due to the refraction of sound waves.
Can be integrated (interference)
Like light interference, sound interference also requires two coherent sound sources.
Example: Two loudspeakers connected to a signal generator (audio frequency generator) can function as two coherent sound sources.
Can be flexed (diffraction)
Diffraction is the event of flexing sound waves when passing through a narrow gap.
Example: We can hear the sound of people in different and closed rooms, because the sound passes through narrow gaps that sound can pass through.
Bat
The nature of sound reflection is very important for some animals, like bats. Bats can emit sound waves so that by utilizing sound reflection events, bats can avoid barrier walls when flying at night. In addition, the bat can know the prey it will eat.
Detect metal damage
Besides being used to determine the depth of the sea and cave, ultrasonic waves can also be used to detect damage to metals that are in the ground, such as water pipes and others.
When the sound wave pulses hit a damaged metal, the pulses are partly reflected and partly passed on. The reflected pulses occur because of a barrier that has a different density. The pulse reflections are received by the detector, so that damage to the metal can be known.
Fast Sound Propagation in Gas
Fast Sound Propagation in Gas
In the case of gas the volume changes occur and is related to the modulus of elasticity of the material is the bulk modulus (given a notation k). It can be shown that a sound wave propagates in the gas, k = γP with P is the pressure of the gas and γ is the laplace constant, which is the value of the ratio of heat capacity at a constant pressure and a fixed volume, γ =. Thus, the speed of sound propagation in the gas is as follows.
Fast sound propagation in gas
Application of sound reflection properties in daily life
Measuring the Depth of the Sea
Fast sound propagation in sea water is known. To measure the depth of the sea, the ship emits sound to the sea floor. At the bottom of the ship there is a sound detector (detector), this detector produces electric waves if it gets reflected sound. By measuring the time it takes from the sound emitted to being captured again by the detector, the depth of the sea below the position of the ship can be determined so that the depth of the sea of an area can be carefully mapped.
Knowing the fish content under the sea
By directing sound waves into the sea we can find out the fish content under the sea. Some waves will be reflected by fish swimming below sea level. We can distinguish reflective waves of stationary objects and moving objects.
Measuring the length of the cave passage
Sound wave reflection is also used by humans to measure the length of a cave and the depth of the ocean or lake. By sending the incoming sound and measuring the travel time of the incoming sound and the sound of reflection, the length of a cave or the depth of a place below the surface of the water can be determined.
The reflected sound received has traveled twice, namely from the sound source to the reflector and from the reflector to the receiver or listener. The time needed to get to the bouncer is 1/2 t
Formula Measuring the length of the cave passage
Therefore, the distance traveled by the reflected sound can be written as follows.
Investigate the layers of the earth
Waves actually do not have to be reflected by hard objects, reflections on soft objects that actually occur namely reflection and continuation.
The earth's crust consists of various layers of material. If sound waves are generated on the surface (for example: blasting dynamite), these waves propagate into the inner crust of the earth. After finding different layers of the earth's crust, some of the waves will be reflected.
By measuring the time it takes the reflected wave to return to the earth's surface the depth of a layer can be determined. The benefits of investigating the contents of a mining product can thus be known of the goods and quantities of the goods.
While singing in the bathroom
When you sing in the bathroom, your voice sounds louder and easier to hear than you sing in a large, open room. The sound of music in a closed room sounds louder than the sound of music in an open space.
This happens because in a small room, the sound that comes on the wall with the sound reflected to your ears almost at the same time so that the sound of bounce will strengthen the original sound that causes your voice to sound louder.
In the case of gas the volume changes occur and is related to the modulus of elasticity of the material is the bulk modulus (given a notation k). It can be shown that a sound wave propagates in the gas, k = γP with P is the pressure of the gas and γ is the laplace constant, which is the value of the ratio of heat capacity at a constant pressure and a fixed volume, γ =. Thus, the speed of sound propagation in the gas is as follows.
Fast sound propagation in gas
Application of sound reflection properties in daily life
Measuring the Depth of the Sea
Fast sound propagation in sea water is known. To measure the depth of the sea, the ship emits sound to the sea floor. At the bottom of the ship there is a sound detector (detector), this detector produces electric waves if it gets reflected sound. By measuring the time it takes from the sound emitted to being captured again by the detector, the depth of the sea below the position of the ship can be determined so that the depth of the sea of an area can be carefully mapped.
Knowing the fish content under the sea
By directing sound waves into the sea we can find out the fish content under the sea. Some waves will be reflected by fish swimming below sea level. We can distinguish reflective waves of stationary objects and moving objects.
Measuring the length of the cave passage
Sound wave reflection is also used by humans to measure the length of a cave and the depth of the ocean or lake. By sending the incoming sound and measuring the travel time of the incoming sound and the sound of reflection, the length of a cave or the depth of a place below the surface of the water can be determined.
The reflected sound received has traveled twice, namely from the sound source to the reflector and from the reflector to the receiver or listener. The time needed to get to the bouncer is 1/2 t
Formula Measuring the length of the cave passage
Therefore, the distance traveled by the reflected sound can be written as follows.
Investigate the layers of the earth
Waves actually do not have to be reflected by hard objects, reflections on soft objects that actually occur namely reflection and continuation.
The earth's crust consists of various layers of material. If sound waves are generated on the surface (for example: blasting dynamite), these waves propagate into the inner crust of the earth. After finding different layers of the earth's crust, some of the waves will be reflected.
By measuring the time it takes the reflected wave to return to the earth's surface the depth of a layer can be determined. The benefits of investigating the contents of a mining product can thus be known of the goods and quantities of the goods.
While singing in the bathroom
When you sing in the bathroom, your voice sounds louder and easier to hear than you sing in a large, open room. The sound of music in a closed room sounds louder than the sound of music in an open space.
This happens because in a small room, the sound that comes on the wall with the sound reflected to your ears almost at the same time so that the sound of bounce will strengthen the original sound that causes your voice to sound louder.
A Variety of Bouncy Sounds
A Variety of Bouncy Sounds
Bouncing sounds that reinforce the original sound
Bouncing sounds reinforce the original sound when the bouncing sound is heard almost simultaneously, making the original sound louder. This noise occurs when the wall distance to the sound source is less than 10 meters. For example our voices will be heard louder in the room or the sound of bathing and the sound of the train louder in the tunnel.
If the incoming sound is narrowed to a normal line (coming angle = 0), then the sound of the bounce is perpendicular to the normal line (the angle of return = 0), in other words the sound of the bounce will reverse the direction of the sound. If the angle is greater than 0, the sound of the bays will not turn in the direction of the sound coming again.
Sound reflection occurs when a sound hits a wall or a hard surface. Such hard surfaces, such as stone, iron, zinc, and glass.
Echoes or kerdam
Reverberation or kerdam occurs if the distance of the wall to the sound source is rather far (10 m - 25 m). Reverberation is a sound that is heard less clearly due to some sound reflected along with the original sound so that it interferes with the original sound.
Echoes occur in large buildings that are closed, such as meetinghouses and theater buildings. To avoid reverberation, on the inside walls of cinemas, radio or television studios, and recording studios are covered with silencer. Damping materials that are often used include wool, cotton, cardboard, rubber, and glass.
Echo
If the distance of the reflecting wall is far enough, there will be a sound reflected after the original sound is said (emitted). The sound that bounces after the original sound is called an echo. The echoes sounded like real sounds. Echoes can occur on steep mountain slopes, ravines and other places.
Sound Wave Characteristics
Measuring the speed of sound propagation
How to measure the sound propagation fast in this principle is quite easy, namely by measuring the time it takes the sound from exiting the sound until returning to its original place. then we measure the distance of the sound source to the reflecting site. by doing this measurement we can find out the speed of sound propagation in the air.
v = fast sound propagation (m / s)
s = distance (m)
t = time (s)
If the sound propagation is known, sound reflection can be used to measure distances
By measuring the time it takes the sound from being emitted to being recaptured, the distance of the reflector from the sound source can be calculated.
Fast sound propagation in solid substances
Suppose an external force F is applied to the end of an object with a cross-sectional area A so that the end of the rod moves with a speed u and causes a dense pulse of sound waves to propagate along the rod with a speed ʋ. In time t pulses travel a distance of ʋt and length of the metal rod, compressed by ut
Fast sound propagation in solid substances
E = modulus of elasticity of metal material (N / m2 or Pa) and
ρ = density of metal (Kg / m3)
Bouncing sounds that reinforce the original sound
Bouncing sounds reinforce the original sound when the bouncing sound is heard almost simultaneously, making the original sound louder. This noise occurs when the wall distance to the sound source is less than 10 meters. For example our voices will be heard louder in the room or the sound of bathing and the sound of the train louder in the tunnel.
If the incoming sound is narrowed to a normal line (coming angle = 0), then the sound of the bounce is perpendicular to the normal line (the angle of return = 0), in other words the sound of the bounce will reverse the direction of the sound. If the angle is greater than 0, the sound of the bays will not turn in the direction of the sound coming again.
Sound reflection occurs when a sound hits a wall or a hard surface. Such hard surfaces, such as stone, iron, zinc, and glass.
Echoes or kerdam
Reverberation or kerdam occurs if the distance of the wall to the sound source is rather far (10 m - 25 m). Reverberation is a sound that is heard less clearly due to some sound reflected along with the original sound so that it interferes with the original sound.
Echoes occur in large buildings that are closed, such as meetinghouses and theater buildings. To avoid reverberation, on the inside walls of cinemas, radio or television studios, and recording studios are covered with silencer. Damping materials that are often used include wool, cotton, cardboard, rubber, and glass.
Echo
If the distance of the reflecting wall is far enough, there will be a sound reflected after the original sound is said (emitted). The sound that bounces after the original sound is called an echo. The echoes sounded like real sounds. Echoes can occur on steep mountain slopes, ravines and other places.
Sound Wave Characteristics
Measuring the speed of sound propagation
How to measure the sound propagation fast in this principle is quite easy, namely by measuring the time it takes the sound from exiting the sound until returning to its original place. then we measure the distance of the sound source to the reflecting site. by doing this measurement we can find out the speed of sound propagation in the air.
v = fast sound propagation (m / s)
s = distance (m)
t = time (s)
If the sound propagation is known, sound reflection can be used to measure distances
By measuring the time it takes the sound from being emitted to being recaptured, the distance of the reflector from the sound source can be calculated.
Fast sound propagation in solid substances
Suppose an external force F is applied to the end of an object with a cross-sectional area A so that the end of the rod moves with a speed u and causes a dense pulse of sound waves to propagate along the rod with a speed ʋ. In time t pulses travel a distance of ʋt and length of the metal rod, compressed by ut
Fast sound propagation in solid substances
E = modulus of elasticity of metal material (N / m2 or Pa) and
ρ = density of metal (Kg / m3)
Sound Source and Intermediate Substances (Medium)
Sound Source and Intermediate Substances (Medium)
Sound sources are all objects that vibrate and produce sound propagating through the medium or intermediate substances to the ear. Sound is produced by objects that vibrate.
The things that prove that sound is produced by things that vibrate are:
The rattled end of the ruler made a sound.
At the time of screaming, if our neck held, it will feel trembling.
Strings on a guitar that are picked will vibrate and make a sound.
The skin on the drum or drum when struck seems to vibrate.
Conditions for sound
Sound Source
Objects that can produce sound are called sound sources. Examples of sound sources are various musical instruments, such as guitar, violin, piano, drum, trumpet and flute.
Intermediate Substances (Medium)
Sound waves are invisible longitudinal waves. Sound can only flow through the medium of intermediary. For example air, water, and wood. Without a medium the sound medium cannot slow down and will not be heard. According to research, solids are the best medium for sound absorption compared to liquids and gases.
Listeners
Sound can be heard when there is a listener. Humans are equipped with the senses of the ear, which is the ear as a hearing aid.
Vibrations emanate from vibrating objects, reaching our ears generally through the air in the form of waves. Since a wave that can be in the air is just a longitudinal wave, then the sound that travels through the air is always a longitudinal wave. We need to remember that longitudinal waves are transverse and horizontal that can travel through three forms of substance: solid, liquid and gas.
There are three aspects to the sound as follows:
Sound is produced by one source like another wave, sound source is vibrating object.
The energy is transferred and the source of the sound is in the form of a longitudinal wave.
Sound is detected (known) by the ear or a rapid instrument of sound waves in the air is influenced by the temperature and mass of the substance.
Sound Frequency
As a waveform, sound has a frequency. Based on its frequency, sound waves are divided into three types: audiosonic, ultrasound, and infrared.
Audible wave. Audionic waves are sound waves that are within our range of frequencies, which range in frequency between 16 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
Infrasonic wave. Infrared waves are sound waves whose frequencies are below the audiosonic wavelength, which are frequencies smaller than 16 Hz.
Ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic waves are sound waves whose frequencies are above the audiosonic wavelength, which is frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz.
Sound reflections
In addition to experiencing rejection, the sound is reflective. The sound reflection process is similar to the light reflection process.
Sound reflective law states that:
Angle coming = corner of bounce (i = r)
The sound came, the sound of the bounce, the normal line in one of the three fields intersecting at one point.
Sound reflection law
The coming angle is the angle formed by the direction and the normal line.
The abutment angle is an angle that is shaped by the direction of the abscess and the normal line
Sound sources are all objects that vibrate and produce sound propagating through the medium or intermediate substances to the ear. Sound is produced by objects that vibrate.
The things that prove that sound is produced by things that vibrate are:
The rattled end of the ruler made a sound.
At the time of screaming, if our neck held, it will feel trembling.
Strings on a guitar that are picked will vibrate and make a sound.
The skin on the drum or drum when struck seems to vibrate.
Conditions for sound
Sound Source
Objects that can produce sound are called sound sources. Examples of sound sources are various musical instruments, such as guitar, violin, piano, drum, trumpet and flute.
Intermediate Substances (Medium)
Sound waves are invisible longitudinal waves. Sound can only flow through the medium of intermediary. For example air, water, and wood. Without a medium the sound medium cannot slow down and will not be heard. According to research, solids are the best medium for sound absorption compared to liquids and gases.
Listeners
Sound can be heard when there is a listener. Humans are equipped with the senses of the ear, which is the ear as a hearing aid.
Vibrations emanate from vibrating objects, reaching our ears generally through the air in the form of waves. Since a wave that can be in the air is just a longitudinal wave, then the sound that travels through the air is always a longitudinal wave. We need to remember that longitudinal waves are transverse and horizontal that can travel through three forms of substance: solid, liquid and gas.
There are three aspects to the sound as follows:
Sound is produced by one source like another wave, sound source is vibrating object.
The energy is transferred and the source of the sound is in the form of a longitudinal wave.
Sound is detected (known) by the ear or a rapid instrument of sound waves in the air is influenced by the temperature and mass of the substance.
Sound Frequency
As a waveform, sound has a frequency. Based on its frequency, sound waves are divided into three types: audiosonic, ultrasound, and infrared.
Audible wave. Audionic waves are sound waves that are within our range of frequencies, which range in frequency between 16 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
Infrasonic wave. Infrared waves are sound waves whose frequencies are below the audiosonic wavelength, which are frequencies smaller than 16 Hz.
Ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic waves are sound waves whose frequencies are above the audiosonic wavelength, which is frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz.
Sound reflections
In addition to experiencing rejection, the sound is reflective. The sound reflection process is similar to the light reflection process.
Sound reflective law states that:
Angle coming = corner of bounce (i = r)
The sound came, the sound of the bounce, the normal line in one of the three fields intersecting at one point.
Sound reflection law
The coming angle is the angle formed by the direction and the normal line.
The abutment angle is an angle that is shaped by the direction of the abscess and the normal line
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